Recent research into plant bast fibre technology points to a neolithic european tradition of working fibres into threads by splicing, rather than draft spinning. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. Traces of natural fibres have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe. Cottoncotton cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber thatcotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll around the seeds. Animal fibres such as wool, fur or silk are composed of proteins. Natural fibres are for example the bast fibres, like flax and hemp, the leaf fibres, like sisal, the fruit fibres. Pdf fiber cells are present in all plants with varied shape, sizes, and composition. Each year, more synthetic fibres and high energy consuming products are being replaced by naturalfibrebased products. Bast and other plant fibres woodhead publishing series in textiles kindle edition by r r franck. An example value being dry, no decomposition, no signs of mould or fungi. Alevel textiles maximising student performance in the as and a2 written papers units 1 and 3. The fibres produced from kenaf using chemical retting processes are much cleaner but low in tensile strength. The fiber is obtained from the soft, hairy covering of sheep and sometimes.
Like other bast fibres, jute is a strong fibre with very low extensibility due to its compositelike structure with highly oriented long chain molecules. Targeted pretreatment of hemp bast fibres for optimal. Different cellulose fibres can be used for textile and technical applications, e. It is such a desirable commodity that textiles in a linenweave texture, even when made of nettles, hemp, jute, kenaf, bamboo and other nonflax fibers are also often loosely referred to. Such fibres, usually characterized by fineness and flexibility, are also known as soft fibres, distinguishing them from the coarser, less flexible fibres of the leaf, or hard, fibre. Nonwood plant fiber characteristics hurter consult. On cutting the young peduncle a large quantity of sugary juice is obtained. Biochemical and genetic studies are revealing new information about the development of bast fibers, and providing a foundation for further manipulation of these unusual cells through biotechnology.
Read bast and other plant fibres by elsevier books reference for free with a 30 day free trial. Bast and other plant fibres book read online scribd. Biorefiner mechanical pulping of bast type fibers harmohinder s. Wool and other animal fibres tend to have scales which give them the property of felting. Saifulazry,a and zakiah ahmed b retting is the main challenge faced during the processing of bast plants for the production of long fibre. Plant fibres for textile and technical applications intechopen. Plants including cotton, jute, flax and hemp are used to obtain plant fibres. Share your knowledge share your word file share your pdf file share your ppt file. Pdf the structure of cotton and other plant fibers researchgate. Fiber flax, as with other bast fiber products, is harvested earlier in order to maximize the quality and quantity of its fiber. Both primary and secondary phloem fibres, being components of the primary and secondary phloem, respectively, are the extraxylary bast fibres that form bundles like the bast fibres in many other plant species.
The mostthe most common plantcommon plant fibres arefibres are 2. Fibers are collected from the skin or bast surrounding the stem of their respective plant. Jute is a bast fiber whose scientific name is corchorus capsularis of tiliaceae family. The fibres are obtained from the leaves and are bast fibres. Bast fibre, soft, woody fibre obtained from stems of dicotyledonous plants flowering plants with netveined leaves and used for textiles and cordage. Bast fibers are long and scientifically intriguing cells that undergo intrusive growth and a special process of secondary cell wall assembly.
They provide the plant with its strength and are very long as they usually run across the entire length of the stem. Fibres from monocotyledonous plants, called leaf fibre, are classified as hard fibres and are stiff. Since the valuable fibres are located in the phloem, they must often be separated from the xylem material woody core, and sometimes also from the epidermis. Fibres can be divided into natural fibres and manmade or chemical fibres. Flax and other bast fibres undergo a process called retting to separate. The sieve tubes are composed of living, slender and elongated tubular cells placed end to end. They aid in conduction of synthesized food such as amino acids and carbohydrates from leaves to other parts of plant body. Plant genus, climate, soil conditions and farming practices all have a large impact on the plants and the ultimate pulp fiber. Properties of bamboo fibres and their products the properties of the bamboo fibres are inconsistent with respect to time owing. Splicing is fundamentally different from draft spinning.
Bast and other plant fibres, a title in woodhead publishings series on fibres published in association with the textile institute, uk, is the first book in over 50 years to cover the most interesting plant fibres and those with high annual production. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading bast and other plant fibres woodhead publishing series in. One reason for this could be that bast fibres, notably bast fibres from hemp and 98 flax, exhibit higher mechanical performances, e. Plant fibres for textile and technical applications. Natural fibres, often referred to as vegetable fibres, are extracted from plants and are classified into three categories, depending on the part of the plant they are extracted from. Xylary fibres are four main types namely, libriform fibres. Retting process of some bast plant fibers and its effect.
Jute plant is cut and kept immersed in the water for retting process during season. Tensile strength of plant fibre core practical flashcards. The major issue now is the ability of textile specialists and archaeobotanists to distinguish the technology of splicing from draft spun fibres. Bast and other plant fibres edited by robert r franck the textile institute crc press boca raton boston new york washington, dc woodhead publishing limited. Bast fibres are classified as soft fibres, and are flexible.
Fruit fibres are extracted from the fruits of the plant, they are light and hairy, and allow the wind to carry the seeds. This is due in part to the unusual properties of the bast i. Difference between fibres and sclereids key difference. A typical example of manual classification is the colour grade of cotton, fixed in. Size maximum the size maximum of the plantbased fibres. Fibre length is achieved almost entirely through intrusive growth, which is a process limited. Retting process of some bast plant fibers and its effect on fibre quality. Natural plant fibresare usually considered more environmentally friendly than synthetic fibres. The fibres produced from kenaf using chemical retting. It appears that spli cing was not confined to the neo lithic. Fibres are rich in lignin whereas pectin and cellulose are absent. Plantderived fibres are commonly cellulosic such as, for example, cotton seed fibre, flax and hemp bast fibres. Amongst the bast fibre crops, kenaf apparently has some advantages such as lower cost of production, higher fibre yields, and greater flexibility as an agricultural resource, over the other bast fibres. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites.
For many thousand years, the usage of fibre was limited by natural fibres such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different applications. An overview 3 challenge for scientists to examine the properties of different biodegradable polymers available in the market to make sure whether or not they are suited to be used as a matrix system for biocomposites. Ma britta schwenck identification of fibres and fabrics. The inner stem and outer gets separated and the outer plant gets individualized to form fibers. Similarly with other bast fibres, kenaf comprises two distinct fibres. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Flax or other bast crops grown for its oil are harvested later in the season.
Plant of jute takes nearly 3 months to grow to a height of 12 15 feet. Pdf bast fibres are defined as those obtained from the outer cell layers of the. Such fibres, usually characterized by fineness and flexibility, are also known as soft fibres, distinguishing them from the coarser, less flexible fibres of the leaf, or hard, fibre group. Plant fibers are finding new and diverse applications and usage like dietary. Review of bast fiber retting, bioresources 64, 52605281. The reason for this trend is not only due to an increased environmental awareness but also because natural fibres have excellent properties, such as. Tossa jute corchorus clitoris tossa jute fiber is softer, silkier, and stronger than white. Bast fibres properties university of the arts london. Intrusive growth of primary and secondary phloem fibres in. There is an increasing demand for natural fibres worldwide due to their renewable and biodegradable nature. Bast and other plant fibres other titles in the woodhead publishing limited series on fibres, published in.
Fibres from other species of hibiscus urena lobata cultivation retting yields distribution labour requirements in fibre preparation. Bast fibres such as linen, which is the most costly and luxurious within this category, are valued for their exceptional coolness and freshness in hot weather. Bast and other plant fibres woodhead publishing series in. Generally, nonwood plant fiber pulps can be grouped into two broad categories. Within the total production of leaf fibres, sisal is the most important.
Clean, free of seed heads, roots, leaves, flowers, grasses, insects, vermin and other contaminants. Recent research into plant bast fibre technology points to a neolithic european tradition of working fibres. These fibers have higher tensile strength than other fibers. The jute fibre shows very poor extensibility, the breaking elongation ranging between 1. It is a bast fibre, obtained from the secondary phloem by the process of retting.
As known from pla reinforced with other bast fibres, the unnotched charpy impact strength is lower than that of the pure polymer. Before the industrial processing of plant bast fibres, manual techniques did not always. The worldwide production of cotton fibres for textile applications far exceeds that of other plant fibres, hence the structure of cotton is. As technologists strive to find more sustainable alternatives to the established fibres such as cotton, other sources of natural fibres are beginning to be used to make textile. Some examples are jute, hemp, flax, kenaf as follows. The objective of this study was to develop a hermetical alkali digestion process to obtain single cellulosic fibers from kenaf bast.
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